![]() As any other critical theory, Marxism has a normative interest in identifying possibilities for social transformation and how theory is instrumental to power. Global governance is constituted by political and economic institutions that put pressure on the less developed and unstable peripheral countries.įrom an epistemological point of view, Marxism created the foundations for critical theory and it is superior in this sense to the dominant approaches of Anglo-American international relations that are problem-solving theories. According to this theory, hegemony is maintained through close cooperation between powerful elites inside and outside the core regions of the world system. By combining global capitalism, state structure and political-economic institutions, they managed to create a theory of global hegemony (ideological domination). As a solution, the neo-Gramscian school proposed a further development. This economic reductionism is considered also to be a central flaw. The source of structural effects is not anarchy, but the capitalist mode of production which defines unjust political institutions and state relations. ![]() Its analysis reflects the relation between the base (the modes of production) and the superstructure (political institutions). Marxism is a structural theory just like neorealism, but it focuses on the economic sector instead of the military-political one. Firstly, by emphasizing injustice and inequality it is very relevant to every period of time as these two failures of the human society have never been absent. Despite ideological criticism, Marxism has strong empirical advantages on its side. ![]() ![]() Thus, for Marx human history has been a struggle to satisfy material needs and to resist class domination and exploitation. Historical materialism was going to be Marxism's guideline in understanding the processes both in domestic and international affairs. In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote that the main source of instability in the international system would be capitalist globalization, more specifically the conflict between two classes: the national bourgeoisie and the cosmopolitan proletariat. ![]()
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